Islamic or State schools

How Moslem parents make their determination of directing their kids to Islamic schools or to State schools.The survey of how Moslem parents decide to direct their kids to either Islamic Schools or public has now been studied for some clip and it has provided different replies for different inquiries. This survey has chiefly been carried out because of the now increasing grounds if the cultural and political differences being seen as a consequence of the diverse civilizations and faith in being amongst people of different ethnicities in the universe. For one to understand the strong differences that occur in people ‘s civilizations and beliefs, it is critical to look at the beginning of the procedure of socialization in a peculiar community or society. Socialization is the procedure whereby there is exchange of certain facets of a civilization between two different cultural societies. The socialization procedure normally begins at childhood. This is because kids are easy socialized in the norms that are involved in their civilization and this affects their societal mentality as they grow up. Education on the other manus is the transmittal of information and cognition from one coevals to the following. Education is a basic of every individual today to derive instruction. The Muslim civilization encourages its members to seek cognition. This is viewed to be one of the most cherished things that one can get in life because it enhances rational growing. Education is an single plus which no 1 can take away from another and which is necessary in traveling through life. In life and in Islam the greatest value of instruction is to enable one to supply good leading largely amongst the young person. The major aim of Islam is to enable the development of one ‘s character and besides one ‘s Islamic personality and this is what is emphasized in many Islamic schools . Parents play a major function in educating their kids. The initial instruction provided to kids under the counsel of their parents is really of import and shows the parents function. As kids grow the society they grow about has a great impact in act uponing the character of every single kid. However, the bad intelligence is that Moslems have been evidenced to be the most illiterate in the universe in a survey conducted in all Muslim states. This has led to many parents who value more limitless instruction for their kids to direct them to schools abroad to the western states. This has proved to be advantageous to their kids but has besides led to the debut of unobserved challenges to both the parents and the kids. For illustration In Britain, the Muslims send their kids to authorities schools and so they teach them at place or in the mosques. Consequently, like any other normal school in the universe, in province schools kids would frequently confront jobs like know aparting or strong-arming based upon their spiritual orientation. The harm whether it is psychological or physical can impact the behaviour and can act upon the Muslim pupil ‘s public presentation in the schoolroom. From the Muslim parents ‘ position, the cognition that their kids would have is traveling to be through a secular position and this frequently will be unfastened and indifferent towards any peculiar faith. As a consequence, there emerged two picks for Islamic parents to take in educating their kids. This is whether to direct them to Islamic schools or to province schools. This job started in the coming of the 20th century and due to chiefly Western influence and sometimes colonialism, Muslim parents sometimes preferable leaving merely secular cognition to their kids. The weak pupils were chiefly sent to spiritual schools known as Madrasas within their states. However those who migrated to the West chose to take their kids to both public and spiritual schools for a figure of grounds. These grounds applied both to those in the West and those in the middle-east. One of the best and most popular grounds among Muslim parents for the ground as to why they send their kids to Islamic schools is that it provides the perfect environing to larn the Muslim civilization because of an Islamic surrounding and environment. For illustration, kids in Muslim schools socialize with other kids of the Islamic followers and pray together in the Islamic manner. They are more significantly exposed to modern frailties that exist in urban and westernized schools such as fornication, intoxicant and drugs. Furthermore, Muslim schools are ideal centres to supply individuality in the society for kids. To turn out this, some interviewed Muslim kids attest that their parents would most likely send them to an Islamic school if there is the presence of one in their vicinity. This shows the penchant of many Muslim parents. Harmonizing to one Islamic based teacher in New York by the name of Yahiya Emerick states that Islamic Schools provide the kids with the chance to be able to place themselves with the Islamic community and its values and therefore it provides a sense of belonging to the kids and they feel that they belong to a certain community and proud to be identified with it. To back up this position, the president of the Muslim Education Council in Virginia points out that these Islamic schools provide a sense of dignity, pride and cultural individuality that the kids can non get in a populace or State school. His organisation Teachs largely decision makers and pedagogues about Islam and the Middle Eastern civilization. He besides adds that the sense of individuality comes from non merely socialising with other Muslim kids and praying together but besides from memories of praying and declaiming Islamic Bibles, listening to the Adhan and speaking about the jobs confronting the Islamic society and this proved to be invaluable for an Islamic person in the hereafter. However, there are many other grounds why parents sometimes prefer taking their kids to Islamic school. For illustration is that for illustration if a parent realizes that his kid is turning into being ill-mannered and boisterous, the parent may ensue in looking for a speedy solution to the state of affairs at manus and decide to direct his kid to an Islamic school and this is estimated to be the instance that has led about one tierce of the kids in Islamic schools to be admitted at that place. This nevertheless has proved to be extremely disadvantageous to Islamic schools because some of the kids expelled from public schools because of gross misconduct are being dumped in Muslim schools. This is said to be the consequence of the attitude of most Muslim parents that the Muslim establishments are effectual rectification centres for their kids alternatively of public schools which they see as holding a higher chance of being a accelerator for their kids ‘s bad behaviour. This has sometimes led to some parents kicking sometimes that Islamic schools are being a bad influence on their kids ‘s behaviour at times but Islamic establishments have been speedy to indicate out that the kids did n't all come a being of good behavior in the society and some had come from public school. Another good ground why Muslim parent take their kids to Muslim school is because they are more open to Islamic cognition in Muslim schools. The former president of the immature Muslims of Canada which is an organisation based in Ontario, Taha Ghayyur says that a batch of Canadian born Muslim kids have a batch of trouble in analyzing Arabic Hagiographas and the Quran and because of their interaction with other civilizations, they tend to hold a small difference in their position to Islam in comparing to their Middle-Eastern brothers and sisters. However, there are a figure of Islamic followings who besides believe that the information chiefly acquired in Islamic schools is much more limited as compared to that gained in Public schools. One of the people who support this position is Shabbir Mansuri who is the establishing manager if the institute of Fountain Valley which is a Council on Islamic Education based in California. Taking his illustration, he has three girls of which merely the youngest attends an Muslim school because Islamic schools were non available before when his two other girls were turning up. He points out that in the instance of his younger girl, she has been able to declaim the Surahs and Bibles from the Quran but he besides sees that the Islamic schools have non made a difference in the apprehension of the Quranic Bibles. This is considered to be one advantage of State schools because they help the kids understand what they are analyzing, This and many other grounds give cause to the determination of inscribing their kids in province schools. One ground for illustration is that in most public schools largely in the West, province school instruction is normally provided free by the authorities. This is an economic consideration by most parents in the universe. for illustration in the state of affairs of Islamic parents populating in the West, it is merely when they grew in Numberss and acquired more resources that they opened more Muslim schools get downing from kindergarten to high school. As a consequence, it is estimated that in topographic points like in Northern America entirely, there are soon about three hundred Islamic schools which provide integrated instruction. In instances of where there were lower resources, the kids were taken to province schools during the weekdays and to Islamic schools during the weekends. Another factor is that due to the high registration rates to public schools, there are a higher figure of persons from different societal and economic backgrounds and this is non ever a bad factor as and enables kids to encompass people of different backgrounds. This is a point supported by many broad Islamic households populating in the West. Other factors which give an advantage to province schools over Islamic schools are that have sometimes better qualified and trained and certified instructors who provide standard instruction to the kids. The instructors are chiefly nonsubjective in impacting the needed cognition on the pupils and supervising the pupils ‘ advancement. This is the chief ground that many Islamic parents sometimes send their kids from the middle-east to the western schools. This can be evidenced by the kids of the sovereign of Saudi Arabia and Dubai. In decision, it can be observed that the boundaries of cognition are spread outing on a day-to-day footing and in the western universe ; Muslim parents are confronting an ever-increasing challenge of make up one's minding the right school for their kids. It overall clear that the every parent would wish to inscribe his or her kid in a school that provides academic excellence and religious growing but it is largely the function of the parents to weigh the better option between Islamic schools and public schools. This is by seting their disadvantages and disadvantages together and sing what is best for their kids.MentionsLawrence D. , ( 2005 ) . A Concise History of the Middle East. London ; Westview PressLevy, Reuben ( 1969 ) . The Social Structure of Islam. United kingdom: Cambridge University Press.Ridgeon, L ( 2003 ) . Major World Religions ( 1st ed. ) . London. Routledge Curzon publishing houses.Shahid A. ( 1998 ) . Sex Education: An Islamic Perspective.London. Oxford University P ress.Hamsa Y. ( 2002 ) . Understanding Muslim Education and Elementss of Success. Cairo: Alhambra Productions

A Symbol of Strength and Courage

I happen to be the youngest of the clan. My siblings often talk about what I call â€Å"the olden days†, going Into explicit details of their many childhood tales of fun and hard times mixed. Their stories were full of fun, excitement, and mischievousness. In each tale one or many of my siblings' anecdotes would include the trouble that they had gotten themselves Into, and then always tell of my mom's response. Mom would definitely give you her opinion (as she stood with her hands on her hips, fussing at you) on whatever crazy idea you had, but she would always still come to our rescue.Now that I am an adult I see Just how brave my mom really was. I TLD always believe that my mom was courageous. When I was young, I resented her for many years for the things that I had to endure as a child. I couldn't understand why certain decisions concerning us were made. I remember saying to myself when become a mother I will be different, my children will have options, our life will be bet ter. However, in a time when marriage was supposed to last forever, my mom with only a 10th grade education ended up raising her children mostly simplemindedly.My sisters and brother would often describe how my father's drinking affected their lives when they were young. I was too young to remember those times but I was told how mom would get up early in the morning and go Into the vegetable fields to work in order to put food on the table for her children. Later, when I came along mom worked in the seafood industry. It all was very labor intensive work standing on your feet all day. But mom never complained. My favorite memory is when I would get home from school and my mom would have dinner prepared and you walked into all kinds of luscious smells coming from the kitchen.My mom never really talked about that time of her life, she Just showed her children her love for them by ensuring we had what we needed. What makes my mom great? I used to ask myself that very same question, but not anymore. Now that I am a mother of two challenging teenagers, I have a world of respect and gratitude for my mom for the way that she raised my siblings and me. The morals, values, and belief system that are now Ingrained In me; I can only hope and pray are ingrained in my children as well. I often think about my holding and the lessons I learned from my mom.Growing up, in VA, was not the sleet thing In ten world My Tie consisted AT Nanning clothes on ten line, rolling in wood for the stove, and pumping water from the well to bring into the house. Everyday doing the same thing over and over, I hated them so much. I was upset that we had to live that way. It wasn't until years later that I realized, that my mom was right there with us every step of the way and encouraging us all that we could do much better in life. Each day I strives to do better in school.I also, realized that those chores were making me responsible and teaching me work ethics even while I was young. I have hop efully passed on to my children my hard working nature and taught them responsibility as well. Mom spent each day of her life showing those around her how much she loved Christ. I saw my mom as a beacon of hope and encouragement to me each day of my life. As I look back and reflect over my childhood, we went through some really hard times. But I can say that my mom let her faith guide her and keep her positive in the midst of bad situations.I never saw y mom cry or get upset over the things that we went through. I do remember her taking us to church and helping us to develop a relationship with Christ. I often think back to times when my mom would sit on the couch in our living room and she would sing hymns. She didn't have the best voice in the world but it didn't matter. She would sit there for an hour and sing and record herself on her tape recorder. Then she would playback her songs and sing along. I never got the chance to tell my mom, how much that encourages me even to this d ay.She showed me how to stay in a costive frame of mind and not be overtaken by disappointing situations. Caring, dedicated, compassionate, understanding, committed, and loving my mom, not Muhammad All was the greatest. I'm only sorry that it took me so long in life to realize it, because once I did, there wasn't much time left for me to spend with her. My mom spent her life sacrificing for her children and family. As I sat at her funeral and listened to all the wonderful things people said about my mom, I can only hope and pray that one day those great words can be said about me.

Understanding behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Understanding behaviour - Essay Example A specific ‘disturbance’ in children, i.e. ‘temper tantrums’ shall be closely looked at evaluating whether the same derives its roots from ‘nature’ or ‘nurture’ or both. Before concluding we shall consider if the disturbance under our observation can be better explained by ‘transactional model’. The aim of this paper shall be chiefly to identify the factors responsible for shaping social and emotional development in children. I shall argue that not a single factor can shape a child’s development, yet not every theory by its own strength can serve as an explanation for a child’s development. Therefore, it is the amalgamation of the basic ideas of all theories that would best be able to meet our end. Simply understood, the term ‘development’ can be defined as â€Å"changes over time in the child’s understanding of, attitudes towards, and actions with others† (As cited in Smith & Hart 2002 p.3). An essential element inevitable in the process of development of children is ‘change’. Change is not just a forseeable phenomenon in children, they are a prerequisite to development as well. That is because every physical or emotional development entails ‘change’. But what affects this change? Apart from the greater biological mechanism that determine changes in us, certain other factors such as once’s social upbringing and other environmental influences are also responsible. Before we can even start evaluating the causes for the development in children, it is inevitable to find a barrier in having a conclusive take for the same, for, perhaps the biggest debate in the field of psychology, the Nature versus Nurture argument keeps all possible explanation in the state of indeterminacy. Those who supported ‘nature’ claimed that development is essentially the result of the pre-set biological functionings that get encoded from parents to offspring. They argue that â€Å"†¦genetic

Differences between a persons head size and their intelligence Assignment

Differences between a persons head size and their intelligence - Assignment Example The researcher states that one of the primary assertions of Broca’s research is that ‘eminent’ men have significantly greater brain size than their ‘mediocre’ counterparts. The elucidation of the claim with data on Bostonian criminals from differing vocations articulated Broca’s argument that a person’s intelligence had a direct relation to the person’s brain size. Data on brain sizes with factorial categorizations on vocational backgrounds of the persons under study gave the impression that brain size and intelligence bear a relationship. The observation stirred considerable interest among researchers, who sought to establish how the human intelligence researchers had successfully pushed the possibility to the periphery in favor of intelligence tests. However, statistical tools, and in particular one-way ANOVA, which is a handy statistical tool for comparison of means and determining interrelations between data values, the data m ight lead to a different conclusion. Through tentative statistical analysis on the data purporting to illustrate Broca’s claim of brain correlation to intelligence, a number of importance issues come to notice. Firstly, what the researcher labels as standard deviation is in fact standard error, which are two different terms, and have differing impacts on the test of hypothesis for Broca’s argument. Secondly, it becomes apparent that there was omission of some groups from the final data, which may completely reverse the findings of the study. (Gould, 1981). Finally, the listing of the data items suggests suspicious agenda, as it might very well lead a statistical analysis to lead to the acceptance of a contrary

Whitney Houston Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Whitney Houston - Essay Example Conclusion stays the summary of this topic and critical resume of the presented information. The method used is particularized examination of the literature sources together with the personal inferences to the topic. Whitney Houston was remained to be one of the most successful singers in the world concerning the musicians with the black skin and regarded as artist with the biggest amount of awards of different kinds. It was absolutely clear that Whitney attained a huge fame and world recognition. This was a magnificent woman with a strong voice and charming beauty. Despite of the facts about her problems with drugs and alcohol she was considered to be an icon for million people all over the world. This woman was born in August 9, 1963in Newark, New Jersey (The Biography, 2014). This had been a nice naà ¯ve girl with the big dream, and as her mother said â€Å"I saw the little girl who used to grab a broom and belt out songs in our basement studio like she was onstage at Carnegie Hall† (Houston, 2013). This girl was born in the family of famous people in that period, as her mother was a singer as much as her cousin and sister (The Wall Street Journal, 2014). Therefore it was important to admit that love to music and involving in the process of its creation was given to her since the early ages. This girl sang in the church since the childhood; still, Whitney had her first serous performance when she was a teenager on the scene in New York (The Wall Street Journal, 2014). Moreover, she sang with her mother and at the age of fifteen she started her career as a model. The matter is that one photographer discovered her natural beauty and charm, since that period Whitney had become a successful teenage model and even appeared in Seventeen magazine (The Biography, 2014). Concerning those facts it was worse to admit that her first steps in show-business were rather appreciative. Her career as a singer started to develop in 1983 when was Whitney’s debut on

Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Immigration - Essay Example While some argue that the migrants are adversely affecting the economy as the inequality between the rich and poor has widened, it is strongly believed that any reforms to drive these migrants would disrupt the economy as the wages would rise and both the employers and the migrants would suffer. Immigrants and low-skilled immigrant workers are concentrated in a few states and in those states, in a few metropolitan areas (Chiswick, 2006). Immigrants are usually drawn to expanding cities particularly to cities with historical enclaves of earlier immigrants (Card, 2007). There is an unbalanced skill distribution and it has been observed that high-immigration cities have more low-skilled people in their local population. America is not being overrun by immigrants. The immigrants residing in the US make up for only one percent of the American population. Besides, the migrants do not enter the country illegally. Most enter legally but overstay on student or visitor visa (Cole, 1994). This only demonstrates the flaws in the US administration. Moreover, immigrants do not fill jobs but create jobs. They do not take the jobs from the Americans and there is no evidence to support this view. In fact the immigrants start their own businesses and employ both immigrants and natives. Chiswick argues that immigrants are localized and concentrated in certain areas but the jobs that migrants perform are still being done in other areas or states and a large number of these low-skilled workers are native to the United States (Chiswick, 2006). The census of 2000 shows that males between 25 and 64 years employed that year, of those with less than a high school diploma, 64% were born in the US and 36% were foreign born. Even those that have graduated from high school have not acquired any other skills essential for higher earnings and there are no low-skill jobs that American workers would or would not do. This only

Construction Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Construction Economics - Essay Example 2.0 Basis of the Report and Assumptions The report is based on the relevance of cost benefit analysis in determining the feasibility of a project. It is assumed that the developer is aware of the prevailing market rates but is not conversant with the costing strategy that can match the rates. The essence of this report is therefore to recommend the actions on whether the project is viable or not depending on the cost benefit analysis results (Schmitt, B., 2007). 3.0 Site Location Information The construction site is located in London, towards the south east of England. It has a conglomeration of retail constructions, residential and commercial properties. The environment is well developed and the area has easy accessibility to the center of London City. The plan is to have the ground floor as a shell for tenants who intend to rent to fit them out to their suitability. The rest of the floors will be for multipurpose businesses. Figure 1: Rental Units in the Commercial area Figure 2: R ental Units in the Residential Area 4.0. Market Conditions Affecting Value The construction site is in a prime area. The demand in the area for real estate properties is so high in the area pushing the cost of acquisition and development of the plot to go up. ... assessment, the competition from other developers in the area could be a challenge however setting competitive rates will be advantageous to the business (Schmitt, B., 2007). Also the inflation rates in the real estate property market could be a challenge however with the stability in the market the rates could be manageable to the stakeholders. Using the same assumptions, the future demand may be unbearable but the value of the project may be a great advantage to the stakeholders in the future. The high demand for land in the area and the continued rising rates is propelling the already high costs. 5.0 Developers Budget 5.1. Development Cost The cost of development at the present market value covers the cost of acquisition of the site together with the cost of labor and construction materials. The budget for the development is as follows: Demolition: ? 150,000 Planning costs and fees, including s.106 agreement – upgrading infrastructure: ? 250,000 Site surveys: ? 25,000 Const ruction costs: Infrastructure: ? 273,000 Landscaping: ? 15,000 Structure: ?1,100/m2 Extra for office floors: ? 550/m2 Extra for residential floors: ? 650/m2 5.2. Expected return Out of the budget, the return from the rental units will determine whether the expenses are higher than the earnings or less. The present market rates for residential property units will earn about ?500 per month, coming to about ?6000 per unit per month. For the 7 rental units available, the total earning will be ?42000 per year. For every office unit, the project will earn about twice that of residential units, which is about ?84, 000 per year. Parking will be expected to earn about ?10000 per year, making the total annual revenue a consolidated estimate of about ?136000 per year. With the continuous growth in market

Public School Funding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public School Funding - Essay Example Consequently, there is a need to examine what the major problems within the education system are. If the nations' students are lacking solid support from this very important system, then their future may also be in danger. Results also show students are leaving high school with very little understanding of the core subjects thus rendering them unprepared for college life. (O'Neil, 2002) One of the most difficult issues to deal with in education is its funding. The funding process needs to be made in such a manner that it ensures effectiveness, efficiency and fairness. In the US, schools are funded though local taxes generated for property taxes. The use of such a method has generated a lot of controversy between different stakeholders within the education system. However, this particular essay will focus on parents and the role that they can play in reforming public education system funding. A number of experts have asserted that utilizing property taxes is ineffective owing to the fact that children coming from rich districts generate more property taxes since their homes have a higher value while those ones from poorer districts have to contend with less amounts of finance for schooling. This means that schools within this poor districts lack adequate resources, are more crowded and therefore yield poorer results. Through the property tax system, the amount of money spent on each student within the public system can vary from one thousand five hundred dollars to about fifteen dollars in other districts. There is a grave disparity between these systems and it can be seen clearly that the education system favors children from wealthy background while limiting the opportunities available to those from low income households. (Linn, 2005) Some people argue that funding is just a small portion of the problems within the education system. However, the fact of the matter remains that schools cannot run without finances and no people understand this more than parents who provide the reason for having these institutions as well. In urban districts classified as low income, it is common to find homes that cost as little as four thousand dollars. On the other hand in suburban and wealthy districts, one is likely to find houses that go for as much as four hundred thousand dollars. From this comparison, it can be seen that the amount of taxes raised by the latter communities are much higher than those ones raised by the former ones. As if this is not enough, poorer neighborhoods are taxed a little more than their counterparts but this effort has not paid off owing to the fact that the amount garnered is quite low and providing higher tax rates only serve to add more pressure in low income households without reflecting this on school performance. Issues are further compounded by the fact property taxes are treated as deductions and this means that wealthy families can therefore get portions of that tax back from the federal government. Because houses in wealthy suburbs are much higher than in other residential areas, then the amount of tax refunds is much higher. This means that wealthier parents have greater finances at their disposals and they can therefore make more contributions towards important public services such as education. In the end, people from low income households are unable to generate high amounts of money to fund their schools and this minimizes the quality of their education

Psychology 14 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Psychology 14 - Essay Example Kohlbergs moral stages are applicable in different spheres of life. In explaining the situation facing the Christians, the six stages in all the three levels are used. According to Kohlberg (1984), the first level, known as Preconventional or the premoral is concerned with an individuals’ level of responsiveness to both rules their evaluative labels. It views them in terms of either their pleasant or unpleasant consequences of action. Characteristics of the first stage include obedience and punishment orientation, which major concern is on the objectiveness of the responsibility. With reference to this stage, the Christians disobeyed the law and therefore liable for punishment. The second stage, which Kohlberg described as naively egoistic orientation defines the right action as a parson’s means through which they can personally satisfy their needs as well as that of others. With personal satisfaction being essential in this stage, the actions taken by the Christians we re justified. The second level is defined by conventional or role conformity. In this level, it points out that the moral values guide a person in performing the right role in maintaining the conventional order as well as accomplishing the desire of other people but still maintaining his own right. In this level, the third stage defines the good boy or the good girl orientation, geared towards pleasing other people (Nisha, 2006). There was no need to intentions of the Christians in pleasing Nero and this meant that they were not wrong in their actions. Evaluation of the action taken by an individual is in terms of the personal orientations. The fourth stage, authority and social-order-maintaining orientation, means that the orientation of showing any form of respect to the people as a duty and maintain any form of social order did not justify the actions of these Christians in any way, and thus were supposed to be punished. The third level, the postconventional or

Apple Inc. in 2012 Essay Example for Free

Apple Inc. in 2012 Essay Introduction: Apple Inc. initially started as ‘Apple Computers’ and was mainly known as a computer company with its devices known as ‘Macintosh’. With a few years down the road, it was transformed into a ‘mobile devices company’ and major contribution in this regard was by non-other than Steve Jobs. He revolutionized many industries and paved a way for a more technology-oriented future at Apple. Background:The recently deceased CEO of Apple Steve Jobs was considered to be the most influential and innovative  person in the technology industry for the past decade or so. It was assumed that after his demise Apple as a company would fail to be at its best and would lose way in this battle of technology giants which includes Google, Samsung, HTC, just to name a few. But recent products and market share has proven otherwise that Tim Cook is doing a fine enough job and it is more of an image or brand which is what Apple is and as long as their product line shows consistency, consumers will buy them no matter who is in charge. The tool that will be used for writing this case will be based on SWOT analysis. Starting with strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and finally threats. A concept known as ‘blue ocean strategy’ will also be implemented and defined how it played a role in the success of Apple and making it what it is today. SWOT Analysis: It starts by taking a look at all the angles of a company and then working on those angles to perfect any issues that appear during ‘evaluation’ phase. Strengths:Apple being a ‘brand’ was highly successful and quickly became a status symbol for many who used to buy Apple products (Anon 2013). Marketing was its strongest point and also an area, which had to be because if they were to penetrate a global market where many individual competitors were already acting it was important for Apple to do so. Design, being a brand is not easy and Apple made sure its products were uniquely identifiable as well as easy to use, even for a first time user. Jony Ive who is the head of design at Apple is famous for his distinct product designs and quality. Factors reduced below the industry standard: These are the ones, which are not used regularly and can be put on a back burner to make room for new features. For e.g. setting a design language and focusing on improving that over the years rather than changing it every year. Bigger profit margins, this was possible due to high sale price and also the customer was loyal and was willing to pay more for Apple products. Factors that industry has taken for granted: In Macs, Apple has removed all those features which were not used by consumers and were considered to be obsolete such as firewire ports and have added more advanced one such as thunderbolt and HDMI under its pro line of books. Weaknesses: Developing an ecosystem was a good thing but it had its side effects too. As alternative products were available at low costs, it was difficult to retain a new customer for a long term as sticking to the Apple ecosystem was costly. Incompatibility (Anon 2013) was partially killed in Macs when Apple switched  to Intel chips but due to running its own OS and proprietary set of core applications, many high-end apps that developers or professionals used were missing and were only available on Windows OS. After Jobs demise, a few leading management executives left Apple and it was perceived as a setback for the company. Steve was ruthless in his approach but kept everyone together. Though Apple makes its own devices but the hardware used in many iPhones and iPads is purchased as raw products from Samsung, which is its biggest competitor. Opportunities:After stepping into the mobile phone industry, Apple changed the way people communicated and it ushered a new era for hand held devices. This includes applications that could be installed on a smartphone and one could use it as a ‘minicomputer’ while working on the go. As far as an ecosystem of the company is concerned, Apple made full use of its pioneering into the smartphone business by launching an App Store which was the hub for all things mobile, which later on included the iPad. Factors raised well above the industry standard: Product designs are key to Apple’s success and have been improved significantly by adopting uni-body designs and utilizing this approach for a more firm and sturdy product. Factors which industry has never offered: Invention of an iPad is one such example where a whole new category has been created to consume media and be productive while being portable too. iPad was a revolutionized product of its own as its created a whole new industry and category for people to create and consume media, productivity or just casual use. An advantage which iPad enjoyed as being a new product was the ability to run those same apps available for an iPhone. Further down the line, as companies are trying to penetrate different sectors of a market, Apple can do so by entering a television business as well as wristwatches (Anon 2013). Samsung and Motorola among many others have already released a few watches but with Apples engineering skills and design elements, one can argue just how well this opportunity will be for Apple to exploit and use it to their own advantage. Threats: Competitors are catching up to Apple and Android OS is its biggest rival in smartphone/tablet business. With such rapid change in technology, it is not easy to sustain unless you keep on innovating. Android being an open source operating system has more market share and more market area covered as compared to Apple. It is cheap for a manufacturer to produce and android device than it is for Apple to bring its top class product in  such markets. Size also matters for many consumers as Samsung, HTC, LG and many more have re-defined smartphone screen sizes and Apple is playing catch up in that area. In countries such as India, Malaysia, Singapore, there are many alternatives and they are low cost as they use slightly low end hardware but deliver same set of features which high end manufactures do. As said before, Samsung controls the pricing for silicon and display provided to Apple, it puts them at an advantage and can hinder the manufacturing process for many devices. Businesses should focus less on their competitors and more on alternatives as people try to find low cost alternatives for buying products and companies should also focus on creating new customers (Anon n.d.). Conclusion:It is to be believed that Apple has taken the market by storm and others are to slow to react but with time it all changes as competitors catch up and are innovating in areas where Apple still has to step a foot in, this makes Apple and its rivals kept on their toes and are innovating day by day to progress and outperform each other. Samsung and Google dominate areas, such as wristwatches and eyewear, respectively. Only time will tell how good and how long can one thrive and succeed in this battle of technology giants. Recommendations:For Apple to succeed it is important for them to invest in wearable as this is going to be the next big thing in the technological invention. While on the other hand, Samsung should also work on their smartphone designs as they lack class but are full of features. This takes a huge chunk out of a market, which purely buys products on design and looks such as iPhone or even more recently the HTC one series. References BIBLIOGRAPHY SWOT Analysis of Apple. (2013). Retrieved September 6, 2014, from http://www.strategicmanagementinsight.com/swot-analyses/apple-swot-analysis.html Whar is Blue Ocean Strategy? (n.d.). Retrieved September 6, 2014, from http://guides.wsj.com/management/strategy/what-is-blue-ocean-strategy/

An Overview On Food Safety Management System Commerce Essay

An Overview On Food Safety Management System Commerce Essay In this chapter, several axes concerning the quality and the safety of food will be discussed. It is important to clarify these axes if one should research this field. To start, clarifying what is the definition of food safety is a must and what is meant by food safety, according to its importance, and what are the stages of the development of food safety concept throughout the food chain. Likewise, shifting to the concept of ISO 22000, the date of issue, the urgent need that derived its issue and what it includes from the requirements of food safety is a must, also management systems and the fundamentals that the system is based upon. Due to the talk in this chapter about food safety, ignoring the main foundation of food safety system which is HACCP and its effectiveness as running system to hold the safety of food cannot be done. Talking about the ISO 9000 system also will be done, and why many institutions applied both HACCP and ISO 9000, and why the HACPP system did not hold on b y its own keeping the quality of the food safety management system. Demonstrating the urgent need that lead institutions concerned with applying food safety systems to the necessity of running a system such as the ISO 22000 system instead of the HACCP system alone also will be done. The characteristics of applying the ISO 22000 system over the HACCP system alone will be demonstrated. The characteristic role of applying this system in the development and advancement of the institutions working with this system shall be demonstrated. In addition to the necessity of discussing the benefits of applying the ISO 22000 on the institutions running on this system as well as the fields of its applications starting from the farm till the serving dish including all the process such as transportation, circulating and supplying the institutions with food that is to be processed, as well as the different transportation process of this food throughout the whole stages of circulating and manufacturi ng. Therefore what is said earlier can be summarized and clarified by talking about the following axes: 1- Definitions of Food Safety 2- ISO 22000 Concepts 3- HACCP and ISO 9000 4- HACCP versus ISO 22000 5- ISO 22000 Advantages 6- ISO 22000 applications 3.2 Definitions of Food Safety Food safety is about the prevention, elimination, or control of food borne hazards at the point of consumption. Everyday around the world, people agree on this one point-consumers need and deserve assurance that the food sold for them is safe to consume. As the food safety hazards may be introduced at any stage of the food supply chain, every company in the supply chain must exercise adequate hazard controls. In fact, food safety can be only ensured through the combined efforts of all parties in the food chain. Organizations within the food supply chain range from primary procedures (e.g farmers, ranchers) through food processor, storage and transportation operators, subcontracts, and all the way to retail outlets (e.g., groceries, restaurants), as well as every point and company in between. And through their products are not parts of the food we consume, makers of processing equipment, packaging materials, cleaning agents, additives/ingredients, and even service provider (e.g., equipments testers) are also integral parts of the supply chain of food safety. Otherwise what do we mean by Food safety as a concept? Safety is an integrated concept, which comprises both quality factors, namely the extent to which it meets the needs of the people, and safety factors, the extent to which it may do harm to people ¿Ã‚ ½s health. Therefore, food Safety is a complex system engineering, which involves raw materials, activities of production and product test.(Zhu, et al., 2008), Food safety remains huge opportunity for improvement in preventing illness from known food pathogens and in responding to new and emerging food borne illnesses and threats (The ASQ the Quarterly Quality Report June 2007)(not mentioned in references). A similar description of food safety as protection of food against chemical, biological and physical factors which can endanger human health has been used by (Codex, 2003). Food safety as a concept means that foodstuffs should not be harmful to the consumer and recognizes that food safety hazards can be introduced at any stage of the food chain (GFSI Technical Committee September 2007). The World Health Organization (WHO, 2003) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) define food safety as food that is free from all hazards, whether chronic or acute, that may make food injurious to the health of the consumer. Food safety relates to the conditions and practices that preserve the quality of food and prevent contamination and food borne illnesses. Also we can conclude that food safety is related to how safe the food we eat is. Its mandate covers the transportation, manufacturing and processing, consumer safety, production of equipment for food safety, storage, delivery exportation and importation. (WHO,2003) define food safety as:  ¿Ã‚ ½all conditions and measures that are necessary during the production, processing, storage, distribution, and preparation of food to ensure that it is safe, sound, wholesome and fit for human consumption ¿Ã‚ ½. 3.3 ISO 22000 Concepts The process started in November 2001 with voting on the final draft in August 2005. All 34 national standard bodies that voted were positive and there were no rejections. The standard was published in September 2005 and subsequently translated for publication by national standard bodies, which are replacing national standards by ISO 22000. It has also been published as an European (CEN) standard: EN-ISO 22000 and is currently the standard in over 40 countries. ISO 22000:2005 provides a framework of internationally harmonized requirements for the global approach that is needed. The standard has been developed within ISO by experts from the food industry, along with representatives of specialized international organizations and in close cooperation with the Codex Alimentarius Commission, the body jointly established by the United Nations ¿Ã‚ ½ Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) to develop food standards (ISO 22000 for safe food supply chains. ISO 22000:2005, Food safety management systems  ¿Ã‚ ½ Requirements for any organization in the food chain, aims to ensure that there are no weak links in the food supply chain. Since its publication in September 2005, the standard has been well received by the food industry and is clearly becoming a global standard to be reckoned with. ISO 22000 has been designed with flexibility to enable a tailor-made approach to food safety for all segments of the food chain. It does not take a  ¿Ã‚ ½one size fits all approach ¿Ã‚ ½ since the standards and procedures required for high risk areas in one food sector may not be appropriate in another. For this reason, unlike other schemes, the standard does not provide a checklist methodology. In 2005 ISO 22000 was published to be the first international food safety management standard applicable to the whole food supply chain. The aim was to ensure all parts of a supply chain, no matter their location or function, could be united under one standard. ISO 22000 requires an organization to demonstrate its ability to manage food safety hazards and provide consistently safe products that meet both customer requirements and food safety regulations. It was hailed as the ultimate opportunity to harmonies global food safety approaches. ISO 22000 standard is considered to be the first international quality standard designed to work with all cultural prescription, statutes and regulation.ISO 22000 is dedicated to improve consumer confidence in the food product and the process. It applies to every link in the food supply chain from the farm to the table.(Joee Carroll, 2008) . ISO 22000 is an international, auditable standard that specifies the requirement of food safety management by incorporating all the elements of Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) together with a comprehensive management system. (Vel, et al., 2005) Food safety management system (FSMS) combining between Good Management Practices, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles and effective supplier verification and validation, ensuring that all actions possible are taken, recorded and verified to ensure safe food, which is based on the HACCP principles. This requires a company policy definition and quality manual, with definition of responsibilities for management and employees, prerequisite programs and HACCP plan implementation, and preparing pre-request programs and measures for implementing the food safety program. Preparing the HACCP team and effective recording systems, and a combination of self assessment with application of internal auditing, management review, application of all legal requirements and supplier evaluation, are other concerns in this system. (Mehrdad, 2007).So food safety management systems principally control the specific food safety hazards associated with the product and ensure complianc e with food safety legislation.(L. Manning , R.N. Baines,2004). In line with all other standardized management systems, the systemic approach adopted by the ISO 22000 standard is based on the application of process management principles. A number of management philosophies, such as TQM and Six Sigma, are also based on these principles (Hammer, 2002). Core element of process management is the concept of processes. In this context, the management system of an organization can be viewed as a single large process, which may be broken down to several sub-processes (Bhuiyan and Alam, 2005). Effective management of these processes ensures effective management of the whole organization (see Armistead et al., 1999). It should be noted that in the case of ISO 22000, as mentioned in ISO/TS 22004 (giving guidelines for applying the standard), processes are considered in terms of food safety (IOS, 2005b). A key tool for effective process management is the well known Deming cycle Plan-Do-Check- Act (PDCA). Plan concerns the design of processes, in a way that fully specifies which activities are to be done (when, by whom and how) so as to ensure repeatability and consistency. Do cover the implementation of these activities, in accordance with the plan. Measurements of end-to-end process performance and assessment of these measurements in order to facilitate targets setting are actually part of Check. Finally, Act refers to process improvement and ensures that the critical activities are executed in the most efficient and effective manner. Processes standardization is also an important issue (see Davenport, 2005). In order to apply the PDCA cycle, ISO 22000 has adapted a requirements presentation scheme directly analogous to the ISO 9001:2000 quality systems standard. Specifically, after three initial clauses (giving scope, references and definitions) the ISO 22000 requirements are grouped into five clauses: (1) Food safety management system; (2) Management responsibility; (3) Resource management; (4) Planning and realization of safe products; and (5) Validation, verification and improvement. Under the first clause, the organization establishes and documents a food safety management system and defines its scope (i.e. products, processes and sites). The management responsibility clause specifies requirements covering safety policy definition, safety planning (through objectives and targets), communication issues and management review. Provision of all resources necessary for the implementation of the system is the scope of the resource management clause. In the planning and realization of safe products clause, all production processes affecting products safety need be designed and the respective safety plans developed. In fact, this clause includes most technical requirements of classical HACCP (and is the only clause drastically different from its ISO 9001 counterpart). Finally, the last clause specifies requirements which ensure system verification (i.e. the system ability to reliably deliver expected safety outcomes) and continuous improvement.(Panagiotis, 2009) This International Standard specifies the requirements for a food safety management system that combines the following generally recognized key elements to ensure food safety along the food chain, up to the point of final consumption: Interactive communication. System management. Prerequisite programmes. HACCP principles. Communication along the food chain is essential to ensure that all relevant food safety hazards are identified and adequately controlled at each step within the food chain. This implies communication between organizations both upstream and downstream in the food chain. Communication with customers and suppliers about identified hazards and control measures will assist in clarifying customer and supplier requirements (e.g. with regard to the feasibility and need for these requirements and their impact on the end product). Recognition of the organizations role and position within the food chain is essential to ensure effective interactive communication throughout the chain in order to deliver safe food products to the final consumer. An example of the communication channels among interested parties of the food chain is shown in Figure (2-1). Figure (2-1) Example of communication within the food chain, (ISO 22000 International Standard, 2005) The most effective food safety systems are established, operated and updated within the framework of a structured management system and incorporated into the overall management activities of the organization. This provides maximum benefit for the organization and interested parties. This International Standard has been aligned with ISO 9001 in order to enhance the compatibility of the two standards This International Standard can be applied independently of other management system standards. Its implementation can be aligned or integrated with existing related management system requirements, while organizations may utilize existing management system(s) to establish a food safety management system that complies with the requirements of this International Standard. This International Standard integrates the principles of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system and application steps developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. By means of auditable requirements, it combines the HACCP plan with prerequisite programs (PRPs). Hazard analysis is the key to an effective food safety management system, since conducting a hazard analysis assists in organizing the knowledge required to establish an effective combination of control measures. This International Standard requires that all hazards that may be reasonably expected to occur in the food chain, including hazards that may be associated with the type of process and facilities used, are identified and assessed. Thus it provides the means to determine and document why certain identified hazards need to be controlled by a particular organization and why others need not. During hazard analysis, the organization determines the strategy to be used to ensure hazard control by comb ining the PRP(s), operational PRP(s) and the HACCP plan. This International Standard allows an organization (such as a small and/or less developed organization) to implement an externally developed combination of control measures. The aim of this International Standard is to harmonize on a global level the requirements for food safety management for businesses within the food chain. It is particularly intended for application by organizations that seek a more focused, coherent and integrated food safety management system. 3.4 HACCP and ISO 9000 The ISO 9000 quality management systems standards have become a major element of supplier management strategy for many multinational corporations (Birkenstock, 1999; Wasik, 1994a). Manufacturers implement the ISO 9000 standards with the intention of reaping the benefits, while customers perceive ISO 9000-registered plants as being more capable of delivering products of consistent quality (Adams, 1994; Pallett, 1994; Mehta and Wilcock, 1996). Both manufacturers and customers have indicated that companies using quality systems such as the ISO 9000 standards have several advantages over competitors that have not implemented such systems. These advantages include improved product quality and reliability, increased customer satisfaction, reduced scrap and rework, increased manufacturing efficiency, superior delivery times, rapid systematic response to change, and increased interdepartmental communication leading to increased teamwork (Adams, 1994; Bennet and Steed, 1999; Eyles, 1995; News low, 1997). ISO 9000 refers to a group of standards containing clauses directed at the quality management process of an organization. The standards define a quality framework within which a registered company must operate as a minimum criterion for a quality management system (Stringer, 1994; Surak and Simpson, 1994). To ensure their ongoing relevance, they are reviewed regularly, with the most recent revision having been published in December 2000. Attaining ISO 9000 registration does not equate with achieving a world class quality system since the ISO standards describe only the minimum criteria for a quality management system (Surak, 1999). HACCP/ISO transitions. The ISO 9000 standards are generic and can be applied to any industry. Their purpose is to establish the existence of a documented quality system. ISO 9000 standards do not describe how a company should manage its quality system, but focus on whether a company is complying with its own written policies and procedures. Both HACCP and ISO 9000 systems are management philosophies that rely on disciplined operator control and teamwork (Wasik, 1994b). Both focus on prevention rather than retrospective inspection. However, the major difference between the two systems is the scope. HACCP is process and product oriented. HACCP is totally focused on food safety therefore quality factors should not be part of a HACCP program (Newslow, 1997). In contrast, ISO 9000 is more systems-oriented and designed to manage quality (National Food Processors Association, 1992). ISO 9000 certification does not certify the product but merely provides confidence that a supplier ¿Ã‚ ½s quality system is capable of providing a stated product or service (Bennet and Steed, 1999). HACCP puts control mechanisms in place to ensure that the product is safe and manufactured to standards that are formulated internationally, whereas ISO 9000 requires that an organization define its own system and demonstrate that it can comply with it (Mayes, 1993). HACCP and ISO focus on prevention. HACCP assures food safety by controlling the process. ISO 9000 ensures system conformance to the standards. These two programs have complimentary systems that reinforce and strengthen an organization ¿Ã‚ ½s overall quality system (Newslow, 1997). To be maximally effective, these plans must be tailored to the manufacturing facility, requiring management leadership and commitment, expert knowledge in program development, employee training and operator control (National Food Processors Association, 1992). 3.5 HACCP versus ISO 22000 Food quality and food safety are immersing critical issues at the international level since outbreaks of food borne illness can damage trade and tourism, and lead to loss of earnings, unemployment and litigation. Food spoilage is wasteful, costly and can adversely affect trade and consumer confidence. To cope this issue, HACCP (Hazard analysis critical control points) in which was firstly established in the USA 3 decades ago as the preventive mechanism for safety control of foods has been worldwide adopted into the production and service food industries.( Prasert, 2007).Historically, based on end product testing strategic changes towards to more preventive approach to food safety management started as early as the 1920s (Mossel et al,1995),although this strategies were largely unsuccessful. Although there was a renewed emphasis on preventative food safety in 1930s, it is only since the 1970s.That this approach has been adopted leading to the use HACCP (Bauman,1994). The hazard analys is and critical control point (HACCP) was originally developed by the Pillsbury Company, working with NASA and the US Army Laboratories at Natick, to assure that food supplied to the manned space programme was microbiologically safe (Food Safety Through the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point System, 1973; Bauman, 1974). Over the years it has been adopted by Codex, EU and other national and international regulatory bodies as the foundation of microbiological food safety management, allowing food manufacturers, retailers, distributors and caterers the ability to identify hazards and determine critical control points and effective control measures ( Mike, 2004). In 1998, ILSI Europe published its report on food safety management tools, which sought to describe how the tools available at the time interacted with each other. This included the use of hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) (Mike, 2004). There is evidence that business adopting a food safety management appr oach based on HACCP and pre-requisite programs (PRPs) produce better microbiological quality food (Little et al,2002;Little et al,2003).Many food companies have been developing their own HACCP plans for about a decade, following the seven HACCP principles and applying them to their circumstances in order to produce save foods. However, HACCP plans have to be so specific to the type of business and the physical layout of each site that it is not possible to have one set of HACCP standards for all companies to follow in all situations. And while HACCP plan requirements have been codified in many localities, HACCP regulations are not  ¿Ã‚ ½ and probably cannot be-made uniform. So that need to apply management system beside HACCP which make company combine between policy definition and quality manual, with definition of responsibilities for management and employees, prerequisite programs and HACCP plan implementation, and measures for implementing the food safety program. Preparing th e HACCP team and effective recording systems, and a combination of self assessment with application of internal auditing, management review, application of all legal requirements and supplier evaluation, are other concerns in this system (Mehrdad, 2007). For implementing any standardized management system, a company needs to identify and redesign its processes so as to incorporate the specifications of the respective standard. Processes interactions also need to be determined. In most cases, additional processes related with various internal operations (such as targets setting, internal audits etc.), often not previously identified and standardized, will need to be designed. As a final step, written standard operating procedures (SOPs) need to be developed, effectively describing all activities for implementing the processes (as designed) together with the respective managerial responsibilities. For the ISO 22000 standard, a safety plan according to given specifications is also required, as described in the next section. When developed, the safety plan needs to be integrated within respective SOPs for actual use. It can be stated that ISO 22000 implementation provides a food safety system designed, operated and continuously updated (improved) as an integral part of overall organization n management. Note that classical HACCP, practically designed to operate as an effective stand-alone system, may lead to inefficient implementations, with food safety not integrated within but operating in parallel with other management systems such as ISO 9000. This is probably one of the reason why many related studies, in order to ensure appropriate action, include all sort of measures that may directly (or indirectly) impact food safety in the HACCP plan.(Panagiotis, 2009) Last, it is worth stressing the ISO 22000 requirement for quantitative objectives and targets. By establishing a system driven by objectives, ISO 22000 provides a solid basis for improvement and the determination of acceptable hazards levels (i.e. remaining risk). It is worth noting that, through the Food Safety Objectives (FSO) concept, public health goals may be systematically translated into quantitative operational targets for food safety management (for discussions of FSO see Stringer, 2005 Gorris , 2005). Classical HACCP effectively specifies two safety control levels (i.e. Prerequisite Programs (PRPs) and the HACCP plan). The differentiation between these two levels, however, is rather weak and not generally understood. As a result, most early implementation studies included both levels in the HACCP plan (see Untermann, 1999), practice which decreases system efficiency and increases safety costs (see economic analysis in Roberto et al. (2006)). The ISO 22000 standard imposed an additional control level, thus created a three-level safety control hierarchy, namely: (1) PRPs. (2) Operational Prerequisite Programs (O-PRPs). (3) HACCP plan. In the following, we briefly present each of these control levels, providing specific interpretations when necessary (to cover issues where the standard specifications are unclear or inconsistent). The PRPs define all basic conditions and activities that are necessary to maintain a hygienic environment throughout the food chain (Sub clause 3.8), by enforcing the implementation of the appropriate Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Hygienic Practices (GHP) specifications throughout the organization. Therefore, we can generally interpret PRPs as the control measures covering the design and the basic operations of all infrastructures deployed (hardware and operating practices) and which impose specifications for the development of the system SOPs (see previous section). Typical PRPs examples include cleaning and sanitation of production equipment, maintenance, personnel selection and training, etc. Thus, PRPs cover management activities necessary for any food organization and have a weak association with the specific food product produced. Note, however, that PRPs may control serious hazards and fully complement safety control at operational level. Operational safety control, which directly relates to the product and production process used, is accomplished by the other two control levels, namely: (1) O-PRPs; and (2) the HACCP plan. ISO 22000 does not give a direct definition of the HACCP plan and defines O-PRPs as follows: O-PRPs are those PRPs identified by the hazard analysis as essential in order to control the likelihood of introducing food safety hazards (Sub clause 3.9). By this definition, O-PRPs are directly related to PRPs. However, this is not consistent with the way they are subsequently treated by the standard, since both the O-PRPs and the HACCP plan are specified as the outcome of the hazard analysis that defines the measures to control the hazards essential to food safety (Sub clause 7.4.4) other that those covered by the PRPs. Adopting this view (which is fully supported by ISO/TS 22004, Sub clause 7.4.4) for the relation between the HACCP plan and O-PRPs, we still need to separate the measures entering each plan. The ISO 22000 standard specifies a set of six criteria for this separation. However, little application guidance is offered either in this standard or in ISO/TS 22004. To deal with thi s issue, we adopted an implementation approach where the principal criteria for hazard control categorization are: the hazard level (in terms of hazard severity and frequency of occurrence); and the feasibility of monitoring this hazard in a timely manner and enable immediate corrective actions. Thus, hazards with more severe impact to consumer health, higher risk of occurrence and higher ability to be timely monitored are confronted by the HACCP plan. The remaining hazards are controlled by establishing appropriate O-PRPs this categorization clearly depends on the actual design of the production system. Assume, for example, a production flow design where some hazard cannot possibly be timely controlled and should, thus, be controlled by an O-PRP. However, if this hazard impact on public health is severe, it needs to be part of the HACCP plan. Therefore, redesign of the production processes is required (e.g. a production delay may be introduced that will act as a product quarantine) in order to enable direct control of the hazard, through the HACCP plan. A final issue concerns the specific control measures incorporated in the O-PRPs and the HACCP plan. Given any process, a control measure is entirely defined by all the elements that describe the respective control loop: scope, critical parameters monitored, critical limits and corrective actions. ISO 22000 clearly stresses the need for the establishment of such a typical control mechanism both for the O-PRPs (Sub clause 7.5) and the HACCP plan (Sub clause 7.6.1). Note that specifications for particular control measures types are not given in the standard, since they are dependent on the particularities of the processes under control (Panagiotis, 2009). 3.6 ISO 22000 Advantages Benefits of implementing a systematic and effective food safety management system (FSMS) include the following advantages: One common system throughout supply chain. Better communication throughout supply chain. Integrates quality management and food safety management. Control /reduce food safety hazard. Legal compliance. Provide recognition throughout the food supply chain as a single standard approach to food safety Can be applied independently Integrates the principles of HACCP and application steps of CODEX. Allow small and /or less developed organization to implement an externally developed system. One audit can achieve certification to cover both the food safety management system and quality management system. (Vel, et al.,2005). As mentioned in (Food Standards Agency Report, 2007) Your FSMS will also give you the ability to achieve the following benefits: 1. Operating a FSMS increases business effectiveness. 2. Operating a FSMS can increase business profitability. 3. A FSMS is appropriate for all businesses working with food. 4. The extra time spent carrying out a FSMS is time well spent. Through the use of your FSMS, you can remain confident that your processes are compliant and that each step in the process is closely monitored to ensure that critical limits are kept under control. Your FSMS will also give you the ability to streamline processes, reduce inefficiencies due to paper-based forms, as well as provide greater visibility into your system Most notably, using quantitative risk assessment tools, you can identify hazards more effectively, make the process more efficient, and mitigate any unforeseen risks down the food chain. We can add that ISO 2200:2005 represents the latest step in the evolution of food safety systems beyond HACCP. It combines the five preliminary steps documentation requirements, management responsibility, resources management, planning and realization of safe product and validation, verification and improvement of FSMS and seven principles of HACCP perform hazards assessment, identify critical control points, establish critical limits, establish monitoring procedures, detail corrective actions, effective r

I Became a Model Cadet Essay -- Personal Narrative

I Became a Model Cadet    Dr. Laust’s Comments: This student's assignment was to write a personal narrative essay describing an event that dramatically affected her life. Her choice of narrating her rise in the ranks of JROTC is unique, interesting, and very appropriate for the assignment. She does a very nice job of using specific details to describe aspects of the experience as well as employing dialog to accent her account. The reader gets a clear sense of the impact this event had on her life. I moved to Slidell in the summer of 1998. It was a start of my tenth grade year at Northshore High School. I remember going to enroll the week before school started. I followed my mom into the school library like a lost puppy. There were new kids all over who were just as scared as I was. The room was filled with administrators sitting at tables asking millions of school-related questions to parents who were fumbling through papers to find a retort. Two people caught my attention in the room. They were a girl and a boy sharply dressed in pickle-green uniforms. Their chests were decorated with numerous shiny metals that reflected their accomplishments. The girl's dark brown hair was neatly tied in a bun off of her shoulders, and the boy's was shaven. Their black shoes were so shiny you could see your own reflection in them if you looked. They walked over to me and introduced themselves as Commanding Officer Cadet Lieutenant Colonel Wendy Arlington and her right hand man Cadet Fi rst Lieutenant Dwight Lewis. They were friendly. They shook my hand when they greeted me and told me about the JROTC program at Northshore High School. I told them I was nervous about a new school and was looking to meet people. They promised me... ...e "OOH RAH, good job cadet." Compliments are rare, so this one made me feel like Superwoman. The team brought home a second place trophy on my first of many competitions. I had found my niche. The following year the next drill team leader was to be picked. I knew I was ready for it. The Senior Army Instructor, Colonel Tommy Palmertree, held an awards ceremony. He kept the team leader as a surprise until the end. Of course, this kept me on the edge of my seat biting my nails in anticipation. Finally, Colonel Palmertree announced me as the following year's leader. He said I would hold the position as Cadet First Lieutenant. I knew that I had finally achieved my goal. I had become a great leader like Cadet Lieutenant Colonel Armington and Cadet First Lieutentant Dwight Lewis. I would lead others and influence them in the same way as they influenced me.

Victorian Schoolmistress :: Victorian Era

Victorian Schoolmistress Education It was preferred that the schoolmistresses were certified, particularly to work in the better schools during the latter half of the 19 th century. To become certified they were tested in grammar, geography, history, math, and writing from dictation. Additionally, their handwriting was analyzed for readability (Jackson). Appearance of Schoolhouse The focus on the appearance of the schoolhouse was mainly limited to the private schoolhouses, which wanted to attract the best students. Schoolmistresses decorated the school so that they looked relatively well-off, and conducted the school to give the appearance of a family/domestic setting. Unlike the public schoolhouses, the private schoolhouses aimed to attract a small number of the best students, whereas the public schools wished to attract enough students so as to collect an adequate amount of money for their salaries and other extraneous fees (Pederson 142). Salaries Generally, the pay was rather poor, barely ever being more than  £300 per annum. From this, lodging fees, repairs, taxes, and payment to assistants was removed, causing the profit for personal expenses to be well below  £100. Their salaries were garnered from the payments of their students. At the best boarding schools,  £70 for boarders and  £20 for day students was average. Conversely, in the poorer boarding schools,  £3 to  £10 was the average (Pederson 141). Public vs. Private School Lessons The public schools looked towards the public sphere for inspiration and trained students to be productive in the world and focused on their academics. On the other hand, the private schools tended to celebrate a life of leisure in the private setting. However, in public and private schools, music, French, arithmetic, writing and reading were the core subjects. Greater emphasis was put on domestic subjects and lessons were only taught to the point of being satisfactory in a social setting (Pederson 138, 144). The Typical Day in a Girls’ Boarding School 7:00 – Wake Up 8:00 – Breakfast is Ready, Usually Including Meat 9:00 or 9:30 – Day’s Studies Begin Noon – Girls Take a Walk After Having a Slice of Bread and Butter Dinner Follows the Walk 3:00 – Studies Continue Until 5:00 or 5:30

Terrorism: An External Shock of a Globalized Society Essay -- Globaliz

Terrorism: An External Shock of a Globalized Society For many, living in a globalized world has generated many benefits and welfare gains to their society, yet now it may be in jeopardy. Globalization is that phenomena where the world appears to be coming closer in terms of communication, services, trade, and culture. Examples of this includes the lowering of transaction costs in all these fields including the lowering of barriers to trade, reduced communication costs, (to an extent) the freer movement of people, and easier access to other countries' information. In economics, there has been a freer movement of goods, services, finance, and production between nation-states. In Europe, though on a regional scale, foreign and domestic policies are being harmonized among the member states. Thus it appears that the world has indeed been coming closer. However the events dealing with the World Trade Center have made many question whether globalization has stopped or is now in decline. Many have tried to even comprehend and question the caus es and motives of terrorism and its multiplier impacts that these terrorist acts have created. In light of this, is globalization viewed more at a discount? Many have been pessimistic, however, the events of September 11 and following may perhaps be a test to the world facing a common enemy and even make them become aware in looking at themselves as a citizen of the world, thus facilitating the increase of globalization. To begin, look at globalization mainly in light of its benefits and costs. Focusing at this idea more narrowed in terms of economics, the benefits include realizing the effects by practicing the theories of comparative advantage, and allowing greater efficiencies that produc... ...he New York terrorist attacks. It will be a long-term commitment as terrorism is complex in itself, yet humanity has progressed so far not to revert and steer into the opposite direction. Globalization pre-September 11 was never actually global, yet the world after this event may hope to aim in that direction. Works Cited Burns, Danny., and Robin Hambelton, Paul Hoggett. The Politics of Decentralization: Revitalizing Local Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1994. "Is it at risk? -Globalization." The Economist 2 Feb. 2002:65-66. "Pearl Warns That Globalization Facilitates Criminal Activities." US Department of State, International Information Programs: Washington File 13 Dec. 2000. < http://usinfo.state.gov/topical/pol/terror/00121300.htm > (27 Feb. 2002) "The Economy: 10 indicators." CNN Money. <http://money.cnn.com/news/economy/> (26 Mar. 2002)

Freedom of Speech to Criticize Teachers Essay

It is good practice to respect teachers by word and deed. Even so, if a teacher is incompetent, students do not consider it disrespect to badmouth him or her. After all, students’ lives are significantly impacted by the competence or incompetence of their teachers. Thus, Tim Davis, a special education teacher from California who helped to start a website called RateMyTeachers. com supports the site that allows students to either praise or openly criticize their teachers by stating: â€Å"It’s the first time I really feel that students have a voice in their education (â€Å"Teachers Earn An F In Freedom†). † Davis’ opinion is consonant with the freedom of speech theory which grants perfect freedom to all people to express their opinions. The only condition posed by the freedom of speech postulate is that hate speech and verbal abuse are unacceptable in all situations and in all forms. With this essential condition in place, RateMyTeachers. com grants perfect freedom to students to express their positive and negative opinions about their teachers. Many students praise their teachers on the site. However, one teacher was described on the selfsame website as somebody who â€Å"just shows up for a paycheck (â€Å"Teachers Earn An F In Freedom†). † Although a number of teachers have protested against the website because it allows them to be openly criticized by their students, a lawyer representing the New York State United Teachers has observed that the site must surely fall â€Å"under constitutional free-speech protection (â€Å"Teachers Earn An F In Freedom†). † It is clear, therefore, that teachers must be tolerant of the opinions of their students. If the opinions are positive, they should encourage the teachers to focus on their strengths and continue improving their teaching styles. But even if students’ opinions are negative, teachers must show empathy and work on improving themselves with the support of their students’ opinions. After all, students care that their teachers do the best that they can in the classroom. RateMyTeachers. com is an excellent example of the freedom of speech theory in action in this context. Seeing that the opinions of students on the website may be read by anybody with access to the Internet, nothing is hidden from teachers that are truly interested in learning how they are secretly rated by their students. Even without the website, however, students would continue to praise and constructively criticize their teachers. As a matter of fact, students take it in their stride to make good or bad comments about their teachers. Given that this experience is a regular part of schooling, it is worthwhile for teachers to consider allowing all students to provide them with feedback about their teaching methods on a regular basis. Indeed, teachers may want to show respect for their students’ opinions – regardless of whether they are positive or negative – with the understanding that their students’ opinions support them in their quest to improve their teaching styles. What is more, students should be allowed to openly praise or constructively criticize their teachers without having to fill out anonymous evaluation forms. This would also help to build greater rapport between students and teachers. Most importantly, such practice would help students to gain more confidence in their effort to make politically correct speech; and for both students and teachers to learn and grow together, despite the divergency of their developmental stages. Works Cited â€Å"Teachers Earn An F In Freedom. † New York Library Association (8 October 2003). 1 April 2008. .

Relationship-based governance system Essay

1. What is the relationship between corporate governance and social responsibility? 2. What is your opinion of GAP International is having a code of conduct for its suppliers? What would Milton Friedman say? Contrast his view with Archie Carroll’s view. 3. Does a company have to act selflessly to be considered socially responsible? For example, when building a new plant, a corporation voluntarily invested in additional equipment that enabled it to reduce its pollution emissions beyond any current laws. Knowing that it would be very expensive for its competitors to do the same, the firm lobbied the government to make pollution regulations more restrictive on the entire industry. Is this company socially responsible? Were its managers acting ethically? 4. Are the people living in a relationship-based governance system likely to be unethical in business dealings? 5. Given that people rarely use a company’s code of ethics to guide their decision making, what good are the codes?

Using Examples Compare and Contrast the Characteristics

Using examples compare and contrast the characteristics of both managers and leaders. Introduction: Leadership and management are two bipolar systems of worker administration in current business environment as defined by Kumle and Kelly (2000, 8). It is a topic most debated upon due to the similar characteristic of the roles they play in an organization which often intertwine. Leaders and managers are however disparate in their nature of act. As applied in a team-based organizational structure, the argument is that managers and leaders differs in the perceived entailment of authority they posses as viewed by their employees.However, they compliment one another and can be cultivated in order to be effectual. In this essay we will discuss how the traits of managers and leaders contrast one another by comparison. We will then analyze and evaluate how these differences can offset the other leading to the conclusion that both positions are highly congruent in order to achieve an effective situational leadership approach in an organization, eliminating the â€Å"false dichotomy† between the two (Adair 2005, 31).It is vitally important for leaders to posses not only leadership quality but also substantiated managerial skills, and vice versa, especially in today’s cutthroat business environment. Leaders and managers are often confused due to the stark similarity of authoritative position they entails but are different in their defining factors. They are the same because of their essential role of being the person in the lead of the employees and being their source of command.However they are different in the effect they play in an organization as well as the perspective they emanates to the employees as well as the world. Leadership is the aptitude to guide and direct the embodying team towards an end goal while management is the astute means of completing the targets (Kumle and Kelly 2000, 9). As the famous saying by Warren Bennis (1989), â€Å"managers do things right while leaders do the right thing†. It is essential to realize the difference because some managers might not possess certain leadership qualities, as it is that leaders might not necessarily be an ffective manager. Managers are more structural in nature through perseverance, consistency and knowledge while leaders on the adverse lean more towards an artistic and innovative mindset (Zaleznik 1992, 127). The difference lies in the nature of act. Managers often referred to the position of authority while leaders refer to an inspirational and far-sightedness innate trait of a person. The style of corporate management distinguishes leaders from managers. Being a leader refers to the possession of innate characteristics and trait models of visionaries.They are the source of inspiration as they posses illuminating qualities and attributes which would be the driving force leading the company towards success. Personality traits such as charisma, gusto, honesty, assuran ce and the ability to foster genuine connection with people (Adair 2005, 29-30) is the fundamental composition that will bring together the entire workforce to advance towards success. A manager on the other hand is the behavioral model that these leaders ought to undertake in order to be effective in committing their roles.One might be an effective manager but they may not be the epitome of a leader that will push an advance the organization beyond their limit. For example, Apple Corporation have had fair management control but they only attained its high innovative achiever status due to Steve Job’s charismatic and ground-breaking input that transformed the company (Shontell 2011). Thus, this highlights the empirical quality that is characteristically of leaders and not necessarily of managers.Therefore, the style and characteristics of managers and leaders differentiate them in terms of extend of success they produce. The nature of relationship with employee is an evident difference between leaders and managers. Leaders guide with the instinct of gaining â€Å"followers† while managers have â€Å"subordinates† (Storms 2011). Leaders do not abide the conventional mode of commanding control instead act on the ground of emancipating inspiration (King 2010) and ensuring the wellbeing and progress of the team as whole.This is because leaders are â€Å"more emotional† (Leadership Pages 1997) and are concern of the human aspect of their company. For example Phil Knight of Nike emphasizes highly on allowing mistakes and keeping a positive environment in spite of times of turmoil (Jay 2001, 92) and this train an effective pool of workers which is a result of Knight’s leadership quality of emanating inspiration and garnering trust of employees and genuine loyalty. Managers on the other hand act on a stern basis of control system.This hierarchical positioning in turn ingests a pseudo psychological disdain of workers to managers as th ey feel they are being treated with contempt as subsidiaries (Katcher and Snyder 2007, 52). This will in turn limit the willingness for employees to put in the extra effort and they will thus not produce exemplary results due to the lack of loyalty and dedication. Richard Brandson (2011) instills the importance of leaders being supportive of their employees that led the success of Virgin Company.The structural construction of the role played by managers instills this notion of quality difference of employee control in the effectiveness of managers compared to leaders. Comparing in this light, leadership must be incorporated in managerial control because to attain corporate success, it is highly essential to sustain the passion, assurance and ambition of stakeholders especially the workers as Narayana Murthy (2011), Chairman Emeritus of Infosys, suggests. Each individual have their own defining qualities and the personalities describing them might be an advantage for one in certain i ndustries.When these traits are combined with the managerial position, the personality traits would suit the respect the manager receive when they have high aspect of certain traits such as the Big Five Personality Traits (Waddell, Jones and George 2011, 133). It is important for managers, being in their position, to possess certain unique individuality to propel their quality and attractiveness as a leader especially in the magnificently transformed prospect of the current business environment.Personality type is the factor that separates leaders and managers as all personals can become good managers, but good leaders are ones who are privileged with the narcissistic personality whom people look up to due to their gripping attitude and incredible ideas that galvanize others (Maccoby 2000, 72-73). Therefore, it clearly prove that in a real world situational analyses the characteristics of both managers and leaders may differ, but they are needed to corroborate one another in order t o advocate and augment an effective form of leadership and management in an organization.The inherent individual traits of a manager determine the quality of a leader it makes. At the same time, inborn leaders without the technical qualification of a manager could not execute as an effective leader. The effectiveness of an organization is highly reliant on the synergy of leadership and management quality and this create an empowerment that will transcend the organization well beyond the competitors. Leadership quality of supplying the vision of an end goal when combined with the resourceful conscientiousness of managers would create a highly effective company that has high visualization.At the same time the common exchange of respect and inspiration they give as a leader would ingest the essence of teamwork that will propel the organization further forward as every member of the organization shares the common dedication and passion to attain their ultimate goals. This loyalty from e very contributing body can only be attained when their leader has the charisma and ability to unite the organization, at the same time possess a conscientious managerial role that would instill trust in the employees that their leader would bring success.Hence the synergy of inborn leadership traits and hardware managerial skills is the highly regarded form of leadership style that is highly respectable by the companies’ employees as well as other stakeholders and eventually become the driving force that will push the organization forward especially in the new age of business environment and ethics that is increasingly demanding and critical, as well as the democratic progress that inspire people to be more conspicuous of exercising their rights. Reference List Adair, John. 2005. How to Grow Leaders. London and Sterling, VA: Kogan Page Limited.Bennis, Warren. 1989. On Becoming A Leader. New York: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. Brandson, Richard. 2011. Richard Brandson: Ad vice for Entrepreneurs. YouTube videos, 0:04. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=VH35Iz9veM0&feature=fvwrel Leadership Pages: The Difference Between Management And Leadership. 1997. ME96 Leadership Page. http://www. ee. ed. ac. uk/~gerard/MENG/ME96/Documents/Intro/leader. html Jay, Ros. 2001. Winning Minds. Oxford, United Kingdom: Capstone Publishing Limited. Katcher, Bruce L. and Adam Snyder. 2007. 30 Reasons Employees Hate Their Managers.United State of America: American Management Association King, William. 2010. â€Å"Distinguishing between Manager and a Leader, Are they Really Different? † Team Building Articles, August 2. http://www. 212articles. com/distinguishing-between-manager-and-a-leader-are-they-really-different/ Kumle, John and Nancy J. Kelly. 2000. â€Å"Leadership vs. Management. †Ã‚  SuperVision,  61(4), 8-10. http://search. proquest. com/docview/195590555? accountid=10382 Maccoby, Michael. 2000. â€Å"Narcissistic Leaders: The Incredible Pros, The I nevitable Cons. † Harvard Business Review, January – February Issue. http://edocs. ibrary. curtin. edu. au/eres_display. cgi? url= dc60009629. pdf©right=1 Murthy, Narayana. 2011. Narayana Murthy on Values & Leadership. YouTube videos, 3:26. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=QBaCRu7by10&feature=related Senior, Carl, Robin Martin, Michael West and Rowena M. Yeats. 2011. â€Å"How Earlobes Can Signify Leadership Potential†. Harvard Business Review, November Issue. Shontell, Alyson. 2011. â€Å"The Legacy Of Steve Jobs: How He Took Apple From Near Bankruptcy To Billions In 14 Years And Changed The World. † Business Insider, October 6. http://www. businessinsider. om/the-legacy-of-steve-jobs-how-he-took-apple-from-near-bankruptcy-to-billions-in-13-years-and-changed-the-world-2011-10 Storms, Cherie. 2011, April 10. â€Å"Managers have subordinates, Leaders have followers. † Cherie Storms – Saving the world one day at a time. http://cheriestorms . wordpress. com/2011/04/10/managers-have-subordinates-leaders-have-followers/ Waddell, Dianne, Gareth R. Jones, Jennifer M. George. 2011. Contemporary Management. 2nd ed. Australia: McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd. Zaleznik, Abraham. 1992. â€Å"Managers and leaders: are they different? † Harvard Business Review, March – April Issue.

The Economic System of Western After the Breakup of Fuedalism

The distinguished in the nineteenth century and it†s collapse in the twentieth century have led to similar, though much slower and less obvious, process in the course of modern science. Today†s frantic development in the field of technology has a quality reminiscent of the days preceding the economic crash of 1929. The clearest evidence of it may be seen in such comparatively young sciences such as psychology and political economy. In psychology, one may observe the attempt to study human behavior without reference to the fact that man is conscious. In political economy, one may observe the attempt to study and device social systems without reference to man. Political economy came into prominence in the 19th century, in the era of philosophies post kantian disintegration, and no one rose to check its premises or to challenge its base. Political economist-including the advocates of capitalism-defined their sciences as the study of management or direction or organization or manipulation of â€Å"community†s† or nations resources. The author goes on to say that the European culture regarded material productions as work that should be done by slaves or serfs but not first class citizens. It must be remembered that the institution of private property, in the full, legal meaning of the term, was brought into existence only by capitalism. In the pre-capitalist eras, private property existed de facto but not de jure, i. e. by custom and sufferance, not by right or by law. In law and in principle all land belonged to the head of the tribe, the king, and was held only by permission, which could be revoked at any time. CAPITALISM, a term used to donate the economic systems that has been dominate in the western world since the breakup of feudalism. Fundamental to any system called capitalist are the relations between private owners of non-personal means of production (land mines, industrial plants, etc†¦. collectively known as capital) and free but capitalizes workers, who sell their labor services to employers. The resulting wage bargains determines the proportion in which the total products of society will be shared between the class of laborers and the class of capitalist entrepreneurs. Productive use of the â€Å"social surplus† was special virtue that enabled capitalism to outstrip all prior economic systems. Instead of building pyramids and cathedrals, those in command of the social surplus chose to invest in ships, warehouses, raw materials, finished goods and other material forms of wealth. There is of course, no such thing as a â€Å"social surplus. † All wealth is produced by somebody and belongs to somebody. Mans essential characteristic is his rational faculty. man†s mind is his basic means of survival-his only means of gaining knowledge. If some men do not choose to think, they can survive only by imitating and repeating a routine of work discovered by others-but those others had to discover it, or none would have survived. If men do not choose to think or to work, they can survive (temporarily) only by looting the goods produced by others-but those others had to produce them or none would have survived. Man cannot survive as animals do, by the mere guidance of perceptions. He cannot provide for his simplest physical need without process of thought. e needs a process of thought to discover how to plant and grow food or how to make weapons for hunting. His precepts might lead him to a cave. No precepts or instincts will tell him how to light a fire. Is man a sovereign individual who owns his person, his mind, his life, his work and it†s products-or is he the property of the tribe (the state, the society, the collective) that may dispose of him any way it pleases, that may dictate his convictions, prescribe the course of his life, control his work and expropriate his products? Does man have the right? To exist for his own sake-or is he born of bondage, as an indentures servant who must keep buying his life by serving the tribe but can never acquire it free and clear. In a capitalist society, all human relationships are voluntary. Men are free to cooperate or not, to deal with one another or not, as their own individual judgments, convictions, and interests dictate. They can deal with one another only in terms of and by means of reason, i. e. by means of discussion, persuasion, and contractual agreement, by voluntary choice, by voluntary choice of mutual benefit. The right to agree with others is not a problem in any society; it is the right to disagree that crucial. It is the institution of private property the protects and implements the rights to disagree-and thus keeps the roaf open to man†s most valuable attribute (valuable personally, socially, and objectively): the creative mind. The recognition of individual rights entails the banishment of physical force from human relationships: basically, rights can be violated by only means of force. In a capitalist society, no man or group may initiate the use of physical force against others. The only function of the government is such a society is, the task of protecting man†s rights, i. e. the task of protecting him from physical force. The author goes on to say that the only time the government can use force is when there is retaliation. Such there is no such entity as â€Å"society† since society is only a number of individual men, this meant, in practice, that the rulers did not abide by the moral laws only subject to traditional rituals, they held total power and exacted blind obedience. They believed good which is good for the society. The most profoundly revolutionary achievement of the United States of America was subordination of society to moral law. The principle of man†s individual rights represented the extension of morality into the social system-as a limitation tot he power of the state, as man†s protection against the brute force of the collective. He goes onto say the United States was the first moral state. I don†t know what kind of morals the author is actually referring to. A right is a moral principle defining and sanctioning a mans freedom of action in a social context. There is only one fundamental â€Å"right†: mans right to his own life. The right to life is the source of all rights-and the right to property is their only implementation. He goes on to say all previous systems had regarded man as a sacrificial means to the end of others, and society as a means to a peaceful, orderly, voluntary, coexistence of individuals. All previous systems had regard man†s life as society property that they could dispose of him anytime they felt like it Without property rights, no other rights are possible. Since man has to sustain life by his own effort, the man who has no right to property is a right to action, like all the others: it is not the right to an object, but to the action and consequences of producing or earning that object. It is not a guarantee that am man will earn any property, but only a guarantee that he will own it if he earn it. It is the right to gain, to keep , to use and to dispose of material values. To violate man†s right means to compel him against his own judgment, or to expropriate his values. there is only on why to do it: by the use of physical force.